Why Is Pump Lift Limited to a Specific Height

Pump lift is the linear vertical measurement that indicates the distance a certain pump can draw a liquid from the intake into the pump body. It is then exposed to the moving parts which will compress the liquid and eject it through the outlet side of the pump. An Example For example; a pump fitted to the top of a tank must be able to perform in the most challenging conditions. In the case of the tank, thats when its almost empty. A mostly full tank is easier for the pump to draw from since the liquid in the tank will seek the same level in the intake pipe. In a mostly empty tank, the pump will have to draw liquid up the full height of the pump intake pipe. The Physical Properties The physical properties of materials like viscosity and density can impact the lift performance. Because oil is less dense than water the lift will be greater because of the ratio of weight to volume. Less weight is being lifted by the vacuum the pump creates in the inlet so a less dense material can travel higher with less energy than a denser liquid like water. The reason a pump cannot deliver fluid to the pump body has to do with the interaction of different liquids with the partial vacuum that the pump is creating in the inlet. An Experiment In an experimental display, we would be able to see containers of liquid of various densities. Each container would include a clear vertical tube which has had all matter pumped out (actually impossible) to create a perfect vacuum. We would see liquids drawn up to a certain height by the pull of the vacuum but gravity would also be pulling the liquid down Since no pump produces a perfect vacuum in the inlet the maximum pump lift of the same liquids in a real world situation would be reduced because of the inherent inefficiency of the pump mechanism. The Pump Type A more efficient pump design can use several techniques to improve lift performance. The pump type has much to do with performance. A piston type pump will always be more efficient than a centrifugal pump since its a closed chamber design. In addition to making a closed chamber design, the number of cycles per minute can be increased to allow for the lower capacity of this type of pump. Sealing the moving parts like a piston or impeller against the pump chamber can help prevent leakage and improve efficiency. Often, the easiest solution is to lower the pump or submerge it in the liquid which is sometimes not practical because of maintenance issues.

Multiple Sclerosis A Neurological Disease That Affects...

Multiple Sclerosis is a neurological disease that affects the central nervous system. The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. Myelin sheath, an insulation that covers the nerve fibers, is damaged resulting in multiple patches of scarred tissue called lesions. When the Melin sheath is destroyed, damage to the axon begins and causes a wide variety of symptoms. Axons are the fibers that carry electric impulses away from the nerve cell to different parts of the body. MS eventually causes permanent disability. Depending on the extent of the myelin damaged and the location damaged, determines the severity of the symptoms. MS is an autoimmune disease, meaning the immune system attacks the bodys own myelin sheath protection. The damaged myelin and axon fibers is caused by overactivated T cells. There is four types of MS; relapsing-remitting MS, secondary-progressive MS, primary-progessive MS, and progressive-relapsing MS. Relapsing-remitting MS is the most common type of MS. Secondary -progressive MS continues to progressive and get worse weather or not the person is having relapse. Primary-progressive MS continues to progress and worsen and there is no relapsing or periods of leveling off with this form. Progressive-relapsing MS is the rarest for of MS and it is progressive from the begining and there is no remission in this form. Les than 5% of patients are diagnosed with progressive-relapsing MS. Symptoms can vary from patient to patient. Depending on the severity ofShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Case Study1571 Words   |  7 Pageswhite matter of brain and spinal cord, helping the doctor to conclude this is a factor to why the client is experiences this neurological deficits. Client doctor prescribed her Prednisone which has a positive affect helping to confirm the client diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Researchers have concluded that Multiple Sclerosis occurs whereby the patient’s own immune system attacks the protein that is found in the myelin sheath and this result in the demyelination of the myelin sheath. So when thereRead MoreEvaluation Of A Case Study1353 Words   |  6 Pageswhite matter of brain and spinal cord, helping the doctor to conclude this is a factor to why the client is experiences this neurological deficits. Client doctor prescribed her Prednisone which has a positive affect helping to confirm the client diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Re searchers have concluded that Multiple Sclerosis occurs whereby the patient’s own immune system attacks the protein that is found in the myelin sheath and this result in the demyelination of the myelin sheath. So when thereRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : A Nervous System Disease That Affects The Brain And Spinal Cord869 Words   |  4 PagesAbout Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is considered a nervous system disease that affects the brain and spinal cord. The disease remains a mystery to this day since there are no known specific causes. It can be seen that multiple sclerosis is more prevalent in women than in men between the ages of 20-40 (Bethesda 2015). While the disease is typically mild in most cases, some severe cases may result in the loss in the ability to speak, walk, and write. Common symptoms of the disease includeRead MoreEvaluation Of A Case Study1315 Words   |  6 Pageswhite matter of brain and spinal cord, helping the doctor to conclude this is a factor to why the client is experiences this neurological deficits. Client doctor prescribed her Prednisone which has a positive affect helping to confirm the client diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Researchers have concluded that Multiple Sclerosis occurs whereby the patient’s own immune system attacks the protein that is found in the myelin sheath and this result in the demyelination of the myelin sheath. So when thereRead MoreCase Study : Multiple Sclerosis ( Ms )1186 Words   |  5 Pages Reseach Paper of Multiple Sclerosis Zuemil De Jesus Claudio Universidad del Este Pharmacotherapy for Pharmacy Technician II Professor: Sonia Rivera March 15, 2015 Research Paper of Multiple Sclerosis The first case of multiple sclerosis (MS) was found in 1849. This disease is not contagious, but epidemiologists have identified some factor such as gender, generics, age, geography and ethnic background that may help determine what cause this disease. MS affects more than 2.3 millionRead MoreThe Severe Disease Known as Multiple Sclerosis Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesare a vast amount of neurological disorders, conditions, and diseases. One severe disease is known as Multiple Sclerosis. In this research essay, I will be discussing what multiple sclerosis is, symptoms, causes, personal experience, and treatments. M.S., as some would call it, also known as multiple sclerosis is a neurological disease. This disease, in particular, could also be viewed as an autoimmune disorder. It is not nearly as fatal as the sexually transmitted disease (AIDS), yet it can beRead MoreSymptoms Of Multiple Sclerosis And Bell s Palsy1347 Words   |  6 Pages Neurological Abnormalities Jessica Schultz Brigham Young University – Idaho â€Æ' Neurological Abnormalities Bell’s Palsy Bell’s palsy is a condition that affects the muscles of the face. The muscles become weak and slow for an impermanent period of time. This disorder occurs when the nerve that controls the facial muscles, cranial nerve VII, becomes inflamed or swollen. The cause of the damaged is not officially known, but researchers believe that is could be the result of a viral infectionRead MoreThe Mechanics Of Multiple Sclerosis Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pagesexpressions of Multiple Sclerosis. These neurological symptoms were first identified in the early 14th and 15th centuries. The immune system attacks the myelin of the brain spinal cord causing a cessation or misinterpretation of communication with the rest of the body. Due to this destruction or damage to the myelin, scar tissue forms and there central nervous system cannot communicate with the body effectively. This is the mechanics of Multiple Sclerosis, a disease that affects many peopleRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis : An Auto immune Disease Of The Central Nervous System883 Words   |  4 PagesMultiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the Central Nervous System, which interferes with the communication between the Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord) and other parts of the body. The immune system attacks the myelin on the nerve fibers; resulting in damaged myelin that forms sclerosis. Overtime, many nerve fibers and myelin sheath will be damaged or even destroyed, resulting in the nerve impulse being interrupted. MS can be mild, moderate, or severeRead MoreMultiple Sclerosis (Ms) Is A Disease That Impacts The Brain,1040 Words   |  5 Pages Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a disease that impacts the brain, spinal cord and optic nerves, which is together known as the Central Nervous System (CNS). It is perhaps one of the most common neurological disorders, affecting about 1 per 1,000 of the population (Beaumont, 2008). Multiple Sclerosis means â€Å"Multiple Scars† due to the many scars (lesions) that are located in the CNS. This disease involves two main systems in the body, the Central Nervous System and the Immune System. The Central Nervous

Textiles Del Hogar Free Essays

DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA: Resolver si es mas conveniente continuar con el negocio o liquidar. Si mi decision es liquidar la empresa debo definir cuando y como hacerlo. CARACTERISTICAS PRINCIPALES DE TEXTILES DEL HOGAR S. We will write a custom essay sample on Textiles Del Hogar or any similar topic only for you Order Now L. : Antecedentes A mediados del 2002 tras el gerente Oriol Ventura presentar los demas accionistas llamaron a RamonQuesada para que les asesorara. La entrada de los Quesada en Textiles del Hogar se dio el 6 de Febrero del 2003 tras 24 horas de reuniones con los accionistas por un contrato de gestion, una opcion de compra por parte o el total a ejecutar en 6 meses segun resultado de una due diligences y refinanciacion de la empresa. La sociedad Altafix. SL (creada por los Quesada) adquirio en acciones y refinancio el prestamo o aval lo preciso para que textiles del Hogar mantuviera en operaciones. _Objetivos _Estrategicos Los objetivos de los Quesada en Textiles del Hogar era aumentar la facturacion, generar fondos para poner la empresa al dia y generar dividendos para los accionistas. Producto Buena imagen en las tiendas de barrio y un producto con buena calidad/precio en comparacion con la competencia nacional y extranjera. Ventas Estacionales y con tendencia a la baja. El mercado acusa las importaciones asiaticas y se reduce el mercado para los fabricantes nacionales. Proceso de fabricacion e instalaciones Muy poca productividad debido a maquinaria muy obsoleta. La produccion se fabricaba en forma continua. Se fabricaba para stock en tejidos crudos para cumplir plazo de entrega mas cortos. Los pedidos de clientes de pocas unidades se producian sobre pedido Personal Ambiente laboral inicial muy deteriorado con 24 perronas (11 h + 13 m) con una edad media de 48 anos y una antiguedad de 20. 6 Cosedoras que no constaban en nomina y no habian sido dado de alta en la Seguridad Social. Entre el 2003 y 2005 la situacion se habia mejorado notablemente con el ingreso de los Quesada. Canales: Cartera de pedidos: Los pedidos oscilaban entre 1 y 4 semanas. Con mucha Incertidumbre. A pesar de apretados plazos, solo entre 5 y 10% se retrasaban en la entrega y casi unca mas alla de 5 a 10 dias. Proveedores: Principalmente fabricantes de hilo o de tejidos no fabricados por Textiles del Hogar. Subcontratistas solian ser acabadores. CRITERIOS PARA LA TOMA DE DECISION _Matriz de _decision _ _ Dividendos a Accionista Los socios llevan mucho tiempo sin cobrar ni un solo Euro y con las ventas cayendo a un 4 % constante en los siguientes anos siendo optimista el resultado del ejercicio es pos itivo sin embargo se va disminuyendo con el paso del tiempo lo que refleja poca viabilidad a largo plazo bajo las condiciones actuales. El ingreso para los accionistas en caso de liquidar seria solo por la venta de las existencias, las cuales son no perecibles y se pueden vender rapidamente aplicando un descuento, y las cuentas por cobrar (cartera 100% recuperable) ya que por las maquinas no obtuvieran ningun valor representativo. *Caida de facturacion del 4 % constante Gastos fijos aumentan a 180 para cubrir los 9 mil de los Quesada *(GESL tiene pendiente de recibir 5. 000â‚ ¬ durante 30 meses (150. 000â‚ ¬). Inversion en Tecnologia. Debido a que en Textiles la maquinaria era de cuarenta anos de antiguedad y los rendimientos muy bajos invertir en maquinaria permitiria mejorar los costos de fabricacion que permitan seguir los niveles de ventas. A esto lo debemos agregar la compra de un ERP (para mejor control administrativo) mas una normativa municipal esta inversion no seria menos 200. 000 euros. Entorno Economico* (Mercado y Ventas)*. Los mercados emergentes (especialmente China) son una amenaza constante para la sostenibilidad. Las ventas se vienen reduciendo en promedio 4 % anual peros esto puede aumentar por el factor mencionado haciendose mas dificil cada ano cumplir el presupuesto. Otro factor del mercado es que se compite via precio y no por disenos u otro factor diferenciador. La salida del mercado textil puede representar el ingreso al sector inmobiliario que segun uno de los accionistas , Adria Guasch, quien es propietario de las naves tiene un gran potencial. Indemnizaciones a Empleados Los costes de jubilacion se ven reducidos por la nueva legislacion en el sector textil lo ue facilita la liquidacion de esta. Este factor debe ser tomado en cuenta en para el â€Å"cuando† cerrar ya que el importe de 300000 euros es bastante significativo para la compania Responsabilidad social De acuerdo con el analisis de los criterios realizado en el punto anterior y ya que los dividendos y responsabilidad social son los criterios con mas peso se llega a la conclusion que los Hermanos Quesada deberian de c ontinuar con el negocio de Textiles del Hogar pero definiendo un plazo de espera para que repunte el negocio segun el plan de accion. Segun proyecciones de ventas y estado de resultado este punto debe ser el ano 2007 ya que la utilidad del negocio disminuye despues de este ano. PLAN DE ACCION Al tomar la decision de continuar con el negocio se debe de hacer cambios en los criterios expuestos para tener estabilidad y sostenibilidad a corto y largo plazo. Se debe empezar por potenciar el mercado que permita disminuir las comisiones de 5 al 8 % y asi aumentar el margen. Una alternativa puede ser consolidar una fuerza de venta propia. De manera paralela debemos buscar la manera de salir del mercado de commodity (via precio) a un mercado donde la calidad sea el diferenciador. Tambien se debe buscar capital para inversion en maquina ya que estas estan muy obsoletas y asi ser mas competitivos en tiempos y reducir costos de produccion. La otra inversion que se necesita es la de la normativa municipal y el ERP que conjuntamente ascienden a 200000 Euros. Reducir la estacionalidad en ventas es un punto igualmente importante. Una solucion seria buscar productos alternativos para los periodos en que las ventas caen. Si bien es cierto que la jubilacion sin costo por la nueva ley jubilacion del personal puedes ayudar ya que se puede contratar mano de obra mas joven y barata, considero que debe ser una ultima medida ya que la responsabilidad social para los Quesada es un criterio muy importante como se habia mencionado anteriormente. How to cite Textiles Del Hogar, Papers

The Canterbury Tales Clerk and Monk Essay Example

The Canterbury Tales: Clerk and Monk Paper The Contrasting Characters: The Monk and The Clerk of Oxford The Monk and the Clerk are two characters lying in opposite extremities. What one person lacks, the other has gained in abundance. This essay will explore the major differences between the Clerk and Monk in the Canterbury Tales; its focus mainly pointed to physical descriptions, differences in personality and the underlying themes in their tales of sacrifice and betrayal. Chaucer the pilgrim is quite keen on both of these opposite characters in respect to their attitudes. The Monk is a merry man who has a portly body and not an inch of hair on his head and is explained as attractive. His love for fine jewellery is presented with the gold he wears on his body, including the gold pin with a love-knot in it, which will be examined later. His love for food can be noticed by the weight he carries. His easy-going nature is quite darkened with the tragic tales he tells on his journey to Canterbury. The Monk owns several horses in perfect condition and the finest riding equipment, showing more signs of his wealth apart from his refined clothing. We will write a custom essay sample on The Canterbury Tales: Clerk and Monk specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Canterbury Tales: Clerk and Monk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Canterbury Tales: Clerk and Monk specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Clerk is quite opposite from these physical details; he is quite thin from being underfed and not having enough money to feed himself properly. He is shabbily dressed. His horse is as thin as the Clerk himself. The Clerk is poor, as a student spending more time reading for learning purposes rather than gaining money. The Monk displays some curious habits as a religious figure. His hobby is to hunt, which is against the morals of his profession. His rich clothing and appetite for good food are contrary to the rule of poverty that monks are known to be in. He has no patience for the rules that confine monks to study or labour, he is therefore rebellious and disobedient. The gold pin that he dons with a love knot implies that he has broken his vow of chastity towards his religion. He shows the qualities of what exactly a monk should not be. He pursues his own desires and is quite content with it yet he flaunts his authority in the presence of other even though he doesn’t work very much. On the contrary, the Clerk is an ideal form of his profession. He spends the money he earns on books instead of clothes and food. He is quite quiet in the beginning of the pilgrimage until the Host kindly asks him to speak. The clerk who is a student at Oxford and pursuing his Master’s degree in logic has a knowledgeable speech and regarded highly by the Host. The Monk’s tale focuses on the theme of tragedy and revenge and is based on Boccaccio’s de Casibus Virorum et Feminarum Illistrium. In the Italian Renaissance, it is regarded as one of the greatest works of early humanism and was emphasized in the Greek and Latin classics focusing on the importance of man as his own individual regardless of their fame which can be contrasted with the medieval views. Chaucer has taken the basis of this view and brings it back to the setting of the Middle Ages, writing about the downfalls of famous people. The accounts of the famous people in the Monk’s Tale are examples of strong and powerful men who have been betrayed and destroyed. As examples, Lucifer was an angel who fell through sin. Adam lived in paradise until one moment caused him to lose everything. The ruler of Israel called Sampson was incredibly strong; his wife convinced her husband to divulge into the source of his strength and betrayed him by telling his enemies and taking another husband for herself. His hair was then cut as it was the source of his power and he was thrown into a cave. Later on, after being teased for his lack of power, Sampson’s strength returned killing an entire temple and even managing to kill himself. Every man in the Monk’s tale suffered from betrayal. The Monk’s moral tale of not to divulge secrets to your wife was shown in Sampson’s segment. Conversely, the Clerk’s tale had learned his tale from the scholar and poet named Petrarch at Padua. The outlining themes of this tale involve inner purity and it is a story of philosophical morality. Griselda has given her husband total control and Griselda regards them as one person, she acts and thinks as Walter does, giving him complete sovereignty. The themes of revenge and betrayal in the Monk’s Tale contrast with Griselda’s sacrifice nd her purity. The Clerk had mentioned to the other pilgrims that Griselda was not a model for women to imitate but an example to be patient when God tries us. Griselda’s voluntary acceptance to suffer contrasts with the famous people in the Monk’s tale who died out of spite, revenge, hatred or who killed themselves to avoid suffering. In conclusion , The Monk and the Clerk lie on opposite extremes. The Monk physically is a stocky man, showing his wealth through jewellery and the finest horses and equipment. The Clerk is thin and trying to make ends meet. Personality-wise, he Monk displays curious behaviours that go against a Monk’s usual beliefs. He has broken his vow of chastity, of poverty; he has taken up hunting as a hobby and eats the finest foods. He doesn’t believe in the meaning of work, however, the Monk will gladly gloat over his supremacy. The Clerk however, is a quiet character, who speaks only when spoken to and thinks of books and reading. He spends all his money on books so he could consequently feed his mind with logic and it is proven with his knowledgeable speech. These two characters have also told contrasting tales. The merry Monk has told successive tales of tragedies and death. The quiet, poverty-stricken Clerk was told by the Host to disclose a happy tale even though the Clerk goes in a slightly off direction and speaks of a religious tale of the acceptance of suffering. Chaucer can successfully portray characters exactly as they should be or how opposite they are. The audience can imagine a Clerk as a studious type, spending time on reading books and telling a philosophical tale. On the contrary, a hunting Monk is quite humorous as this character even seems.

Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition †Essay

Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition – Essay Free Online Research Papers Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition Essay Substance addiction, or substance dependence is the compulsive use of drugs, to the point where the user has no effective choice but to continue use. (Wikipedia 2005)Substance abuse refers to the overindulgence in and dependence on a stimulant, depressant, or other chemical substance, leading to effects that are detrimental to the individuals physical or mental health, or the welfare of others. (Wikipedia 2005) Historically the terminology surrounding drug use has been unclear and little concise. It was usual to distinguish between physiological and psychological need.If the drug altered the internal chemistry of the body to the point where the normal state was the dug state, it was called an addiction. However, if it was the abuser that centred his or her life on the procurement and use of the drug, it was called psychological dependence. (Alloy et al 1999) These definitions have not been embraced by all medical and psychological professions. It was discovered that all psychoactive drugs had both a psychological and a physiological effect. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) reserve the term dependence to conditions that specifically involve addiction, and call it psychoactive substance dependence. It also suggests nine criteria that include both physiological and psychological consequences and a person that fulfil any three of these nine come under the diagnosis mentioned. (Alloy et al 1999) The nine criteria listed by DSM-III-R. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) 1. Preoccupation with the drug. 2. Unintentional overuse. 3. Tolerance. 4. Withdrawal. 5. Relief substance use. 6. Persistent desire or efforts to control drug use. 7. Pattern of drug-impaired performance in social or occupational circumstances or when dug use is dangerous. 8. The abandonment of important social, occupational or recreational activities for the sake of the drug. 9. Continued drug use despite serious drug-related problems. The DSM also distinguishes between dependence and abuse, drawing up the parallel diagnosis of psychoactive substance abuse. This is when the use of the drug is at an abnormal level, but not yet a dependency issue. A person that continue to use a drug even if it had a (1) social, occupational, psychological or physical impact, or continued to use it in physically dangerous situations. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) The three terms substance dependence, substance addiction and substance abuse, are hence melted down to the two diagnoses of psychoactive substance dependence; including the elements of dependence and addiction, and psychoactive substance abuse. (Alloy et al 1999) In this essay alcoholism will be used as an example on substance abuse/dependence, as it is a common and easily accessible substance. The behaviourists view alcoholism as a powerful habit that is maintained by various cues and consequences. What is the primary reinforcer is debated, but suggestions like social acceptance, reduction of psychological tension and avoidance of psychological withdrawal symptoms have been made. (Alloy et al 1999) The behaviourists believe in two theories for substance abuse and addiction. The first one is the tension-reduction hypothesis, and the other is the opponent process theory. The tension-reduction hypothesis assumes the dynamics of alcoholism to be rooted in personal troubles faced by all. However some people are inclined to have a drink to alleviate the stress and discomfort, and if successful alcohol has a positive association. However, excessive drinking may cause stress and discomfort, manifested as guilt, and a viscous cycle is started. (Alloy et al 1999) Behaviourists have identified high risk and low risk persons based on personality scores. A person with outgoing, aggressive, impulsive and antisocial features where considered at higher risk for alcoholism, also the situation is critical to stress- handling. (Alloy et al 1999) The â€Å"opponent process† theory also offers explanations on addiction plus tolerance and withdrawal. It states that the human brain is organised such that any strong emotional state, regardless if it is pleasant or unpleasant, will elicit the opposite state (opponent process) to suppress and counteract the original state and that this mechanism will strengthen over time. (Alloy et al 1999) The theory states that after a while the relaxation with drinking (state A) will be cancelled out by underlying tension and irritability (state B or opponent process). Then state B will be experienced directly as withdrawal symptoms. (Alloy et al 1999) The early behavioural programs for alcoholics relied on aversion conditioning. They had initial success, but suffered from heavy relapse rates. Currently programs look into inadequate coping skills, such as unemployment and marital conflicts, and try to remedy these problems. (Alloy et al 1999) The cognitive theories has been developed by amongst others, Jean Piaget and Albert Ellis. (Wikipedia 2005) The cognitive theories view alcoholism as motivated and maintained by negative reinforcement, much like the behaviourists. However they focus on cognitive processes such as expectations, self-evaluations and attributions perceived as mediators for alcohol abuse. There are three theories; expectancy theory, self-awareness model and self-handicapping strategy. (Alloy et al 1999) The expectancy theory focuses on the expectations of the effect of alcohol, as a critical component in whether people will use or abuse alcohol. These alcohol expectations are developed through parents, peers, television and movies and together they from a schema. This schema will determine how that individual will respond to drinking. (Alloy et al 1999) The use of alcohol is also influenced by positive or negative expectancies, such as enhancement of social/physical pleasure, increase power and aggressiveness, and impairs performance and encourages irresponsibility. Hence if the positive expectancies outweigh the negative people will drink. This theory may be good at describing why people begin to drink, but not why they continue, as the expectations between drink number 1 and 10.000 will change. (Alloy et al 1999) The self-awareness model proposes that alcohol is used to disrupt information processing, and decrease self-awareness. It can be used in two ways; firstly if self-awareness involves negative feelings, then suppression of self-awareness will be negative reinforcing. Secondly alcohol can disinhibit and enable the person to flirt or be funny, a positive reinforcement. This theory however describes the alcoholic as reflective, self-focused and sensitive to criticism. Empirical findings describe an alcoholic as aggressive, extroverted and undercontrolled. (Alloy et al 1999) The self-handicapping model reasons that the alcoholic will drink if placed in a situation where he is likely to fail. The drink will be his excuse to fail, shifting the blame form themselves to the alcohol. There is no proof that this model leads to alcoholism, but it ties well in with both the expectancy theory and self-awareness model. (Alloy et al 1999) Treatments the cognitive way aim to attack the cognitive variables that are faulty. This is done by changing expectancies, increase sense of competence and teach ways of coping with failure. A mixture of cognitive restructuring and behavioural techniques are used. Attention is also given to prevent relapses, correcting how alcoholics handle slips so that it does not lead to a total relapse. (Alloy et al 1999, Wikipedia 2005) Sigmund Freud came up with the idea and developed psychoanalysis between 1888 and 1939. Psychoanalysis divides the human personality into three entities; the id, the ego and the superego. It is in the focus between the aggressive pleasure-seeking biological impulses and the internal social restraints against them that the human psyche is formed. Freud believed that personality is the result of trying to resolve this conflict, and to bring pleasure without also bringing guilt and punishment. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, ) Freud theorised that this conflict is centred on the three systems: id, ego and superego. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994) The id is always trying to satisfy the basic drives and instincts. It is a reservoir of unconscious energy that constantly drives the human to aggress, survive and reproduce. The id operates on the pleasure principle and has to be restrained by reality so that it will not seek immediate gratification whatever the consequence. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The ego is the controller of the id. It operates in the reality principle, and seeks to gratify the id’s impulses. However, the ego will only do this if it is a realistic way of realisation and it will not bring destruction or pain. The ego hence contains the partly conscious perceptions, thoughts, judgements and memories. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The superego operates on how things ought to be. It forces the ego to consider not only the real, but also what is ideal. It strives after perfection, and judges any action producing either positive or negative feelings. As the id’s demands are often the opposite of the superego, the ego in the middle struggles to reconcile the two. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) People with a present rather than a future time perspective is what Freud would have called id dominated persons. This is a personality type that more often use/overuse tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. They are willing to jeopardise future happiness for instant pleasure. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The humanistic perspective came as a reaction to the negativity of Freud. They focused on how healthy people live and strive for self-determination and self-realisation, and emphasised on the growth potential of healthy people. The emphasis was on the free will and that people play an active role in determining how they act. The two leading theorists in the humanist movement are Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The humanistic approach has been criticised for promoting an optimistic but often vague view of the mind. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994)) Maslows theory proposed a hierarchy of needs. To move to the next level in the hierarchy a person had to fulfil his or her needs at the level they are. The different levels are seen in figure 1. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Figure 1: Maslows Pyramid The ultimate goal for a person is to seek and achieve self-actualisation, fulfilling the person’s whole potential. Another way to view the pyramid is that one can achieve higher levels on the pyramid in some areas, but still try to cover the lower areas in other aspects of life. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Alcoholics may find themselves trying to meet their physiological needs, when it comes to alcohol. If the alcoholic in addition lives on the street, safety needs are not met either. However, if the alcoholic is well-educated has a good job and income, then maybe it is the social needs or self-esteem needs that are not covered. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) Rogers believed that healthy people could satisfy their need for positive regard and self-actualisation, and being in a constant process of self-development and psychological growth. (Meyers 1998, Wikipedia 2005, Hayes 1994)) If people lack this positive regard from others they will be mentally ill, and afraid of what they do may meet disapproval from others. They will constantly feel they have to gain positive regard from others, and their self-concept impossible to live up to. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The person will then be torn between true inner self and outer self. This battle Rogers believed could lead to both neurosis and psychosis. It is then up to the therapist to establish this relationship of unconditional positive regard. (Meyers 1998, Hayes 1994)) The different theories and models described, all aim at different aspects of the human psyche and how substance abuse and dependence might be explained. It is such a complex theme that I feel it is unlikely that any single one of these theories have the full answer. Not being a psychologist I would say it is more likely to view a patient bearing all the theories in mind, and using the different theories to explain different areas of the abusers/addicts mind. However, should I pick one I feel is the best model, I would have to go with the behavioural view. I feel it encompass a lot of the issues, and that with this approach the other theories can be used in conjunction when appropriate. I feel that behaviour is quite essential to how a person end up, and that the environment is a strong influence. To change a habit of abuse and addiction is also to change behaviour. Word Count: 2010. Reference: Myers D.G. (1998), Psychology, 5th edition, Worth Publishers Alloy, Jacobsen, Acocella (1999), Abnormal Psychology: Current Perspectives, 8th edition, McGraw Hill Hayes N. (1994), Foundations of Psychology an Introductory Text, 1st edition, Routledge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology#Humanistic_theories http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology Research Papers on Different Views On Substance Dependece, Abuse and Addicition - EssayThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andThree Concepts of PsychodynamicDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic Engineering

How to Get Free Cat and Dog Food

How to Get Free Cat and Dog Food If youre having trouble affording dog food and cat food, you may have a variety of solutions to check out before re-homing your companion animal. Animal shelters increasingly recognize they can avoid contributing to shelter overpopulation by thinking outside the box. Food programs are popping up in many different venues to help you keep your cat or dog right at home. Why Keeping a Pet Matters When personal finances tank, putting food on the table is challenging enough without adding a few furry faces to feed. But it’s when things are at their lowest point that when the true value and worth of animals become crystal clear. Writing for Webmd.com, Dr. Ian Cook, psychiatrist and director of the Depression  Research and Clinic Program at UCLA, says: Pets offer an unconditional love that can be very helpful to people with  depression†¦ Taking care of a pet can help give you a sense of your own value and importance. It will remind you that you are capable that you can do more than you might think. A little boost in attitude and outlook could mean a lot to someone who is feeling pretty hopeless. Looking for an alternative to giving up your companion animal will not only give you a mission, it will remind you of the kindness of other humans; something of which we all need to be reminded from time to time, but especially in cases of misfortune. Where to Find Free Pet Food If youre in search of sources of free pet food, youre not alone. In fact, many organizations are aware of the issue and have created resources to help. For example: Some animal shelters maintain a pet food bank. When a distraught companion animal guardians visit the shelter with the intent to surrender their animal, instead of signing a surrender form they are given an application for food subsistence.Meals on Wheels found that pets are the only family that some seniors have and that some of their clients were sharing their meals with their pets when they couldnt afford pet food. In 2006, Meals on Wheels started the We All Love Our Pets (WALOP) initiative. Not all local Meals on Wheels programs offer pet food, so check with your local program.The Humane Society of the United States maintains a  list of national and local organizations that offer free pet food, low-cost spay/neuter services, and temporary foster care if you need help. How to Request Or Provide Help with Finding Pet Food If youre not sure where to start looking for or providing free pet food, you may find these suggestions help to break the ice. Ask your local shelter if they have a pet food bank. If you are not in need of one at the moment, offer to start one.Use search engines to research â€Å"pet food banks and meals on wheels programs in (your city). You may be surprised at all the good things that are happening in your own community.Talk to your grocer about saving dented and newly out-of-date pet food items and donating them to a shelter where you may be able to avail yourself of same.Use social media to let everyone you know you are taking up a collection to build a food bank and ask for donated food items once intended for a now-deceased animal.

Human Cognition and the Brain Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Cognition and the Brain - Case Study Example Phineas P. Gage was a railroad employee who went through a serious brain damage when metal pierced through his head, destroying the frontal lobe areas of his mind. This brain damage was expected to impose severe impacts on his feelings, attitudes and behaviors, transforming him in a wild and unstable level, so intense so that his friends even mentioned that he was not even the person he once was prior to the accident. At the time that this happened to the medical world, Gage's situation resulted to developments in the medical belief of the operations and portions of the human brain concerning the human feelings and behaviors. Gage's situation is mentioned as among the initial proof recommending that serious injury to the frontal lobes of the human brain could change elements of attitudes and behavior and will have an impact on the communicative abilities. Prior to this case the frontal lobes were commonly perceived to possess very minimal responsibilities in attitudes (Fleischman, 2004). With respect to current medical research, a serious injury to the brain especially in the frontal area by an object that has dimensions of more than an inch in diameter and has a weight of more than ten pounds, would definitely make living impossible for the person, since this would mean a lethal destruction to essential brain parts, which include the superior sagittal sinus. Nonetheless, Gage was able to make it through the serious accident and added miseries because of an infection developed. Gage was eventually discovered to have exhibited radical shifts in attitudes and perceptions. Gage's situation is mentioned as among the initial proof recommending that serious injury to the frontal lobes of the brain could change elements of human behavior and have an adverse impact in the proper communication between people. Prior to this situation the frontal lobes were generally perceived to have very minimal responsibilities in human attitudes. Medical expert Antonio Damasio has studied thoroughly on the case of Gage, and including other people he has devoted his time which, in his own opinion, had the same brain damages. In an idea he pertained to as the somatic marker theory, Damasio recommends a connection between the frontal lobes, human behavior and logical choices of a person. He views Gage's situation as having an essential responsibility in the field of nerve science, stating that Gage's case was the essential foundation of the field of the scientific foundations of human attitudes. While researches by Hanna Damasio and his assistants recommended a serious damage to the frontal lobes, a recent research by Ratiu and his assistants formulated on a scan of Gage's head implies that the degree of Gage's brain damage must have been not so serious at all as what is known today (Bradberry, 2005). It is normally recommended that Gage's situation hastened the improvement of a medical procedure called frontal lobotomy, currently a rare medical operation that results to an erratic behavioral response and attitude developments. Nevertheless, past research investigation does not look very positive to validate this hypothesis. It looks like that perception of Gage's brain d